Design and Performance Evaluation of an IoT-Based Smart Fertigation System with Soil Moisture and EC Monitoring for Horticultural Cultivation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58466/r4gran03Keywords:
smart fertigation, Internet of Things, soil moisture, electrical conductivity, ESP32, horticultureAbstract
This study aimed to design and evaluate the performance of an Internet of Things (IoT)-based smart fertigation system that utilizes soil moisture and electrical conductivity (EC) parameters to monitor and control water and nutrient delivery. The system was developed using an ESP32 microcontroller, soil moisture and EC sensors, pump/valve actuators, and an IoT dashboard for real-time monitoring of cultivation conditions. Testing involved system design, sensor calibration, IoT communication testing, control logic verification, and a 30-day *pakcoy* (bok choy) cultivation trial. Test results indicated that the soil moisture sensor achieved an RMSE of 1.21 percentage points, while the EC sensor recorded an RMSE of 0.042 mS/cm. IoT communication performance demonstrated a data transmission success rate of 99.17% with an average latency of 1.64 seconds. The implementation of smart fertigation reduced water consumption by 22.34% and nutrient usage by 24.10% compared to scheduled delivery methods. Additionally, water productivity increased by 44.02%. These results demonstrate that the IoT-based smart fertigation system effectively monitors and controls water and nutrient delivery, offering the potential to enhance resource use efficiency in horticultural cultivation.
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